What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder

What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Children By Ann Logsdon Ann Logsdon is a school psychologist specializing in helping parents and teachers support students with a range of educational and developmental disabilities.   Learn about our editorial policy Ann Logsdon Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Aron Janssen, MD on November 27, 2019 linkedin Aron Janssen, MD is board certified in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry and is the vice chair of child and adolescent psychiatry Northwestern University.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Aron Janssen, MD Updated on February 13, 2020 skynesher/Vetta/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder that typically emerges in childhood and can last throughout adulthood. Symptoms Children with ODD display behaviors that are challenging for parents and educators. For example, they demonstrate aggression and purposeful misbehavior. They usually have difficulty interacting appropriately with peers and adults. The frequency and severity of their behavior problems cause difficulty at home and at school. These children often suffer from learning problems related to their behavior. Being argumentative and defiant is a common problem in these children. Other common symptoms of ODD include: Low tolerance for frustrationBeing easily annoyedPurposeful irritation of othersMoodiness and unprovoked angerNoncompliance with even simple requestsNo sense of conscienceLyingCausing conflict It is important to note that these symptoms occur in multiple domains and not just at home. Many children engage in oppositional behaviors with their parents but not in any other environment. Children with ODD display these behaviors in multiple domains. Children with persistent, severe symptoms may possibly have ODD and should be evaluated by a pediatric psychiatrist. It is unclear what causes ODD. However, a combination of child temperament and parents coping responses may be a factor in its development. Difficulties in family functioning may contribute as well. Managing Oppositional Defiant Disorder It is important that intervention begin as early as possible with these children. Treatment often involves counseling and therapy. Parent training in behavior management can be helpful. It will be important for the childs therapist to work closely with parents and teachers to ensure the effectiveness of a treatment program because behavior techniques that work with most children may be ineffective with children who have ODD. The Importance of a Routine Children with ODD often have a goal of annoying parents and teachers and will misbehave to provoke a negative response. It is especially important to set clear expectations rules and to apply them consistently. Having a routine can help ODD children cope with activities at home such as transitioning from dinner to homework to bedtime. Applying rules and following routines consistently and fairly are important for that reason. Forming a Positive Relationship The first step in treatment is building a positive relationship with your child. Most treatments for ODD begin with the parent engaging with the child in child-led play with the parent providing positive reinforcement and engagement. Discipline and Rewards The next step (and probably the most important) is to provide specific labeled praise and rewards for the pro-social behaviors you want to see. Treatment will often focus on one or two behavior problems, but the focus should be on reinforcing pro-social behaviors (i.e. keeping hands and feet to self, demonstrating respectful disagreements, etc.). If the child responds to behavior management systems, use stickers, tokens, or a behavior chart to show progress toward behavior goals. Allow the child to identify rewards he would like to earn. As the child demonstrates success, offer reinforcement such as spending time in a preferred activity, verbal praise, edible rewards, or items from a prize box. If the child has the tendency to do the opposite of what you want him to do, avoid giving direct praise that could result in misbehavior. For example, saying, I like the way youre keeping your hands to yourself, could provoke the child to become physically aggressive. Avoid arguing or lecturing the child, and try to keep your own temper under control. Avoid letting the child see you become angry, as this may be rewarding to her. Using a matter-of-fact tone of voice without emotion, simply state the rule that was broken and what the consequences will be. Be consistent and avoid getting into a verbal argument with the child over consequences or what happened. Allow the child to have a place to vent his frustrations. Provide a pillow to punch or to yell into. Social Interaction When the child interacts with others, make sure there is adequate supervision to ensure that rules can be enforced, and adults can help him interact appropriately. It can be helpful to have the schools counselor to work with peers to help them learn to respond appropriately to the childs behaviors. Formal social skills training can be effective in helping the child with ODD to interact with peers and adults. Can Children Recover From Oppositional Defiant Disorder? The prognosis for recovery from ODD is unclear. Some children will mature and symptoms of the disorder will subside into adulthood. Others will carry the disorder into adulthood. Meeting the complex needs of these children will require the cooperation of parents and school personnel as well as mental health professionals. A cooperative, consistent effort at home and school will improve the likelihood of a positive outcome for these children, especially when intervention begins at an early age.

Revenge in Hamlet and The Revengers Tragedy Essay

In this study of revenge and revengers in two Elizabethan revenge tragedies the two plays I shall look at are Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, and The Revengers Tragedy, by Thomas Middleton. I shall look first at the playwrights handling of the characters of the revengers, and then at the treatment of the revengers by other characters in the plays. Although having similarities in their underlying themes, and in their adherence to conventions, these two plays present contrasting pictures of the figure of the revenger; Hamlet offering a far more complex treatment of its main character, and The Revengers Tragedy appearing, in comparison, limited by the authors social message, and lacking in realistic characterisation. Hamlet and†¦show more content†¦Both revengers respond to, rather than initiate events, but Hamlet is much more an instrument of others than Vindice, who is full of zest. Both characters carry a burden of guilt. Hamlets Oedipus complex, (Freud having informed us of the revengers unconscious motives), is heavily aggravated by the absence of his father and excessive closeness of his mother, and this accounts for the refocusing of his patricidal wish onto Claudius, and shows how his need for revenge is internal, not purely a need to resolve dissatisfaction with the affairs of the world, as is Vindices. Hamlets needs are deep and complex, while for Vindice: The smallest advantage fattens wronged men. [1.2.98] Hamlets internalisations arise because he has identified his ego with his father - the lost object - and is therefore suffering from a loss of ego. His inward suffering is further intensified by his conflicts with Ophelia and Gertrude, leading him to suicidal thoughts: O that this too too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not flxd His canon gainst self-slaughter! [1.2.129-132] Hamlet is searching deep into his soul for explanations and resolutions, while Vindice simply waits for that bald Madam Opportunity. [1.1.55] Hamlets delaying, compared to Vindices incessant activity, shows that the two revengers are in a way opposite in their approaches to theShow MoreRelatedThe Revengers Tragedy Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesThe Revengers Tragedy What type of tragedy is this? A tragedy, by definition, is a disastrous, distressing and very sad event. The Revengers Tragedy, however, does not display all of these characteristics. It is macabre and grotesque and delights in gory descriptions of blood, violence, death and murder, but it is not a sad story. It is more likely to evoke feelings of disbelief and incredulity at the plot than to cause its audience to feel any kind of sadnessRead MoreHamlets Second Soliloquy Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagesexplored in Elizabethan revenge tragedy, doing so in the first lines as Hamlet makes an invocation to ‘all you host of heaven’ and ‘earth’. Hamlet is shown to impulsively rationalize the ethical issues behind his task as he views it as a divine ordinance of justice, his fatalistic view reiterated at the end of scene 5 with the rhyming couplet ‘O cursed spite,/That ever I was born to set it right’. These ideas are paralleled in Vindice’s opening soliloquy in The Revenger’s Tragedy, as he calls upon aRead MoreExamples Of Revenge Tragedy In Hamlet1033 Words   |  5 Pagesof Shakespeare’s plays allude to revenge and revenge tragedy. Revenge tragedy is seeking revenge for wrongdoings done against someone in a literary work. Usually, the person seeking this revenge is the protagonist and the plot is usually developed throughout their journey to get their rightful revenge. Revenge tragedy is also the central conflict within a literary work. In the play, Hamlet,Young Fortinbras, and Laertes are all examples of revenge tragedy. Hamlet ironically isn’t a person that showsRead MoreAbstract: Hamlet of William Shakespeare Tragedy Revenge2100 Words   |  9 PagesThesis: In the play, Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare is described as a tragedy of revenge, through psychological origins of revenge, the styles of revenge during that period and the structure of Elizabethan revenge tragedies. This article, Shakespeare and Psychoanalysis: Tragic Alternatives: Eros and Superego Revenge in Hamlet., written by Joanna Montgomery Byes focuses on the psychological origins of revenge and in what part does the socialized and/or individual superego play in creatingRead MoreThematic Concepts of Women and Justice in The Revengers Tragedy1754 Words   |  8 Pagesplay The Revenger’s Tragedy represents the social and literary context of England in the early 1600’s. In this way, it also ‘holds the mirror up to nature’ (Hamlet, Act III, Scene ii). The playwright, Tourneur , has used features and devices within the text to aid the representation of these themes, and apply them to its social and literary context. The Revenger’s Tragedy was written during the Elizabethan Era, specifically the Jacobean Period. This was the time of the revenge tragedy, and manyRead MoreEssay on Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Theme of Revenge1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Revenge in Hamlet    In Shakespeares tragedy,  Hamlet, the thoughts of revenge are introduced early in the play. At the end of the first act, Hamlet meets the ghost of his deceased father. He is brought to see him by Horatio and Marcellus, who saw the ghost yesternight (Shakespeare 1.2.190). During this exchange of words between the Ghost and Hamlet, the Ghost tells Hamlet, [s]o art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear. (Shakespeare 1.5.5). He is telling Hamlet to listen closelyRead MoreSoliolquy in Shakespeare ´s Hamlet and The Reverger ´s Tragedy Essay1845 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare uses soliloquy as a dramatic tool to unveil the man behind the disguise. The true nature of the protagonist, Hamlet, is riddled by false appearances and deliberate attempts to deceive characters within the play, mainly characterised by his conscious intention â€Å"To put on an antic disposition†. Whilst the audience is disorientated by Hamlet’s erratic moods and inconsistent behaviour – t he alternation between passive inaction, failing to act when he has an opportunity to avenge and killRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s famously philosophical play Hamlet epitomizes the revenge tragedy; the play’s characters are forced to act vengefully only to result in a bloody, dismal ending. The most obvious instance of revenge in the play is that of Hamlet against Claudius whom corruptly becomes the king of Denmark after he murders Hamlet’s father. Spurred by the ghost of the deceased king, Hamlet sways between moods of adamancy and half-hearted uncertainty in his quest to repay his father’s life, aRead MoreCorruption in Hamlet by William Shakespeare1279 Words   |  6 Pagesbarrier to continual development and make it so that essentially no room remains for justice to succeed. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the destructive force of corruption is clearly exemplified through the abundance of imagery concerning decay, death, disease, sickness, and infection as the play progresses. The first and foremost example of this corruptionis the murder of King Hamlet and the resulting incestuous marriage of Gertrude and Claudius, which forms the foundation for corruption becoming a regularRead MoreEssay on The Character of Hamlet in William Shakespeares Play1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe Character of Hamlet in William Shakespeares Play Some critics have stated that the appeal of Hamlet to the audience is his many human weaknesses, the most notable being his indecision. His deliberations and procrastinations are particularly high-lighted when he is faced with the task of revenge. The law and Christianity, around the early seventeenth century, were clear in condemning personal revenge as an attempt by man to arrogate the prerogatives of God. Hamlet’s

Analysis Of The Poem Radiohead - 1745 Words

Radiohead, in a Motion Picture Soundtrack, tie together the negative effects of popularity and pop culture. By leaving out the more optimistic view of fame, it prevents the sugar-coating of details. This technique, while dreary and glum, sets the perfect tone for the writer to reach the reader on subjects not frequently talked about. Ironically, in order to ‘shine light’ upon this topic, Radiohead creates as gloomy and dark of an environment as possible to convey their ideas. Within the song itself there exists a constant struggle of here they, the band, are, the negative side, and here is where they want to be or where they belong, a hope for something positive. They also use this method to reiterate the idea that fame is not so glorious. Instead, fame deceives other into yearning for something not there. Radiohead hones in on this illusory view with the connection to suicide. Unfortunately, suicide is often the easy way out of a hectic life – specifically for mu sic culture. In essence, Radiohead’s song demonstrates, through their experiences, that the media does not depict the complete picture of fame. Overall, Motion Picture Soundtrack perfectly communicates this negative side of fame and how oftentimes the only way out is death. In order to convey the horrors and monotony of fame, Radiohead uses background music to paint a picture for the message, or lyrics, to live upon. Before the song begins you can look at the title to understand that a Motion Picture Soundtrack, or

Isaac Asimov Envisioning the Future of Our Own Humanity Free Essays

â€Å"If it brings me humanity, that will be worth it. If it doesn’t, it will bring an end to striving and that will be worth it, too. † (The Bicentennial Man 22). We will write a custom essay sample on Isaac Asimov: Envisioning the Future of Our Own Humanity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Isaac Asimov, a dreamer who with humble beginnings pushed science fiction into the beginnings of reality. There is no one quite like Asimov. He has written more on more subjects, and better on more subjects, and more unexpectedly on most subjects, and in more ways on more subjects, than anyone else in the field. He writes poetry, limericks, short stories, novels, essays, articles, nonfiction books, trilogies, jokes and so on-more of them than anyone else could imagine (The Bicentennial Man 1). With all his intelligence, and all his heart, he fought for a world in which his ideas could become reality. His humanity was found in his struggle to educate us all, encouraging us to expand our horizons beyond our own lack of knowledge. This fact is alluded to in an article he wrote to Newsweek in the 1980s, â€Å"There is a cult of ignorance in the United States, and there always has been. The strain of anti-intellectualism has been a constant thread winding its way through our political and cultural life, nurtured by the false notion that democracy means that ‘my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge’† (â€Å"A Cult of Ignorance† 19). His view of the world included us understanding. His oppression was caused by our ignorance. Isaac Asimov was born sometime between October 4, 1919 and January 2, 1920 (In Memory Yet Green 1). His parents did not remember the exact date of his birth but claim it to be around that time. He himself celebrated it on January 2nd (In Memory Yet Green 1). He was born to Anna Rachel Berman Asimov and Judah Asimov, a Jewish Russian couple. At the age of three, his whole family immigrated to the United States to the city of Brooklyn, New York (Biblio). Asimov graduated high school early, starting college and writing his first published novel which he completed by the end of college (http://psu. edu). Asimov was a man who spent his entire life writing. His earliest writings were found in magazines. His friend and publisher John W. Campbell saw his early stories as rough but promising (http://psu. edu). The story that really launched his career was Nightfall. Nightfall was a simple story, written about how a society could potentially collapse if great change occurs even if that change is not inherently negative. In Nightfall and Other Stories, he writes, â€Å"The writing of ‘Nightfall’ was a watershed in my professional career †¦ I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed. As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a ‘classic’† (Nightfall and Other Stories). His career and fame continued to grow as the years passed. Beginning in 1942 and ending in 1945 he worked for the Philadelphia Naval Air Experimental Station (Biblio). During this time he started work on five novelettes and four novellas that are now known as the Foundation Trilogy. Of the trilogy, Charles Elkins of DePauw University wrote, â€Å"Among SF series, surely none has enjoyed such spectacular popularity as Isaac Asimov’s Foundation stories† (http://psu. edu). The Foundation series received numerous awards for its quality and content, eventually ending up in a Hugo award for Asimov (WorldsWithoutEnd). In the Foundation series, through the use of science fiction he tackled the issues he was passionate about. In his novel Pebble in the Sky he writes about racism. The story is written in the view of humans of other worlds holding a prejudice against Earth-dwellers because they â€Å"simply do not like the Earth† (http://psu. edu). He also tackled another issue that lays claim to how he lived his life. In book three of the foundation series, The Mayors, he begins to describe a religion that focuses on science (Foundation). As an atheistic humanist minority in a culture that was vastly overpoweringly theist, the best approach he took to tackling the issue of religion was through science fiction. As an educator at heart, he just wanted us to challenge the status quo with what we understand. In The Mayors, the religion of science worships a mythical galactic spirit. It is strikingly similar in some respects to modern religion, as this storybook religion had both a prophet, a story of how it all began, and a book of rules to live by (Foundation). His views on religion can be read inside the stories that he wrote. The life of Asimov cannot simply be summed up in a short phrase or story. He was an influential writer, attacking literature in many different writing formats. He fought for the rights of others, shaping our belief systems through the use of storytelling. He pushed for greater desire to learn in all of us, by writing of a robot that learned to become human (The Bicentennial Man 22). The call to be human and to remind us to be human was the goal of Asimov. How to cite Isaac Asimov: Envisioning the Future of Our Own Humanity, Papers

High Employee Turnover Rate In Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Essay Example

High Employee Turnover Rate In Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Essay Harmonizing to the World Travel and Tourism Council, the touristry and cordial reception industry represents one of the most of import sectors of the planetary economic system, which contributes a US $ 6 trillion concern that employs over 230 million people and a important part of the universe s work force. In other word, human resource considered one of the most of import resources of the modern-day touristry and cordial reception industry. The labor back uping a broad scope of occupations in many different service sectors, for case hotels and eating houses line, subject park and amusement attractive forces. Personal service is indispensable to presenting merchandises and service to fulfill clients particularly those served in front line, for illustration servers, heads, receptionists, etc. Since the concern range is emphasis the clients contact all over the clip, the deficiency of work force may take the industry in problem. We will write a custom essay sample on High Employee Turnover Rate In Tourism Industry Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on High Employee Turnover Rate In Tourism Industry Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on High Employee Turnover Rate In Tourism Industry Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In fact, the modern-day touristry and cordial reception industry is confronting a HR crisis where the labour turnover rate is comparatively higher than other industry. The majority of service occupations tend to be impermanent, held by the people with no calling aspirations in touristry and no committedness to the industry. ( ) That is no uncertainty that the modern-day touristry and cordial reception industry offers occupation chances for the young person, adult females and less advantaged groups in society. Other than recruitment jobs, employee turnover may do by employee retirement, decease, unwellness or disablement, surrender, organisation retrenchment or expiration. The grounds why employees resign may be evitable where they may see unjust intervention, hapless leading, or deficiency of challenge. Otherwise they leave from an organisation with ineluctable grounds, for illustration immigrate to another province or state, return to university every bit good as serious unwellness . ( ) Employees may besides go forth an organisation because of dissatisfaction to the on the job conditions, wage and benefit, preparation and development, the work force diverseness issues, and other possible issue. Consequently, a elaborate turnover analysis of why employees leave a cordial reception organisation is meaningful to get at benchmark patterns on covering with the operational and administrative challenges the high degree of staff turnover. This research information would stand for the factors that influence staffs keeping or leave from their occupation in this industry. Furthermore, it helps cordial reception trade organisations generate schemes to minimise staff turnover rate yet increase staffs keeping by the agencies of heightening enlisting policy, occupation satisfaction, organisational committedness and eventually quality of service. 3.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS What cause employees leave the organisations within touristry and cordial reception industry? What are the effects of high staff turnover to the related service sector organisations? What disciplinary action should be taken to undertake high employees turnover rate in specify sector? Research AIMS The purpose of this survey is to place the grounds of high staffs turnover in touristry and cordial reception industry. Further, this survey seeks to analyze the impacts of high employee turnover to the organisations in the industry and how organisations tackle this challenge. 4.1RESEARCH Aim To analyze the grounds of high employee turnover rate in touristry and cordial reception sector To measure the effects of high employee turnover in an touristry and cordial reception organisation To measure how organisations satisfy the employees in order to work out the job of high employee turnover in touristry and cordial reception sector 5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5.1 RESEARCH DESIGN Each method, tool or technique has its alone strength and failing. ( ) To guarantee the cogency and reliable of this survey, descriptive research design is used since the research jobs is non a new issue and had been sought by old research workers. ( ) Descriptive research is designed to depict features of a population or a phenomenon, where in this research, is to depict the features of the labour turnover within the touristry and cordial reception industry. Further, it may assist to analyze the ways that may cut down such phenomenon. Therefore, this research will be based on quantitative methods. Quantitative method will be undertaken by distribute study questionnaires to a big figure of respondents in order to obtain accurate information and bettering determination devising. ( ) Deductive research is the logical procedure of deducing a decision from a known general premiss. ( ) Deductive research has been used in this research to prove hypothesizes whether certain factors may act upon labours surrender and whether high turnover rate would take touristry or cordial reception organisation into certain quandary. Cross sectional surveies method besides will be used to carry on this survey because the continuance to carry on the research is limited. 5.2 UNIVERSE OF POPULATION The population selected to carry on this survey will be the employees who engaged in the touristry and cordial reception organisations that is high labour turnover rate, for illustration touristry attractive forces like Genting Highlands and certain hotels every bit good as eating houses in Malaysia. 5.3 Sampling Design: 5.3.1 SAMPLE SIZE To carry on this research, the selected sample size will be 200 employees within the touristry and cordial reception in Malaysia. 5.3.2 SAMPLE APPROACHES Since it is hard to seek the people who experience high labour turnover rate even surrender in the touristry and cordial reception organisations, the research are undertaken by snowball sample. Snowball sample is one of the non-probability samples that selects the initial respondents by chance sample and so obtained the extra respondents by referral from initial respondents. The advantages of utilizing snowball sample are economical and do convenience to the research worker every bit good as respondents. With this attack, this survey can conducted by makes initial interview with the little group and so utilize these to set up contacts with other relevant employees to reply the designed questionnaires. 5.4 RESEARCH METHOD Secondary informations such as diaries, text edition, newspapers and website articles besides will be utilized when carry through this research. In wide footings, the questionnaires for study intent are designed with closed and open-ended inquiries. The inquiries designed expect to present the grounds of high employee turnover rate together with its effects to the organisations within touristry and cordial reception industry. 6.0 DATA ANALYSIS The informations obtained from study methods will be analyzed by utilizing SPSS VS.18.0 per window. It is used to obtain the descriptive statistic like frequences, mean and standard divergences that reveals the result of the research job. 7.0 TIME SCALE GANTT CHART November 2010 December 2010 January 2011 February 2011 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Questions 1.2 Research Aims Rationale of the research chosen Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal Chapter 3: Research Methods 3.1 Secondary informations 3.2 Focus group 3.3 Case surveies 3.4 Survey questionnaires Chapter 4: Datas Analysis and Findingss Chapter 5: Decision and Discussion Binding of Dissertation

Managing for Sustainability

Managing for Sustainability Introduction This assignment is a critical reflection essay whose aim is to demonstrate a critical understanding of stakeholder engagement and to develop an informed interest concerning a complex sustainability issue through an experiential stakeholder engagement activity.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Managing for Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay is based on the production of Coal Seam Gas (CSG) in the State of New South Wales (NSW) in Australia and how stakeholder dialogue activity might be a useful tool in pursuing CSR in the CSG industry. The stakeholders include industry employees, farmers and land owners, miners (Eastern Star Gas, Santos, and Dart Energy), NSW government, environment-green and NSW local community. The essay starts by exploring the concept of corporate social responsibility based on the recent literature from various sources, then goes on to explain how the various stakeholders may team up, through dialogue to purse and enhance a sustainable corporate social responsibility. The discussion draws heavily from the stakeholder dialogue, and represents the point of view of the community members. Corporate Social Responsibility This concept is generally used to refer to the relationship between businesses and their environment. All businesses operate in social, political, economic, and natural environments. The concept therefore takes into account how businesses interact with these environments, either positively or negatively. The topic of corporate social responsibility can be broken down into four main components namely the ethical, economic, philanthropic and legal components (Aras and Crowther, 2010). The ethical component of corporate social responsibility comprises the requirements or expectations of any business by the society. Such requirements or expectations include things like doing what is just, fair and right, using the law as the basis of organizational behaviour, avoidance of questionable practices and doing business in a manner which is above the minimal requirements (McWilliams, Siegel and Wright, 2006. pp. 1–18).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This component is one of the most crucial aspects of CSR because it influences the philosophy of corporates which determines the extent to which they engage themselves in activities which do not generate profits for them. The ethical climate in corporations constitutes adherence to principles of ethical behaviour and conduct, both within and outside the corporations. It also constitutes how corporations relate to their internal and external environments. The ethical climate therefore touches on things like working environment, safety of the employees, care and conservation of the environment and practices which promote the i nterests of the consumers like adhering to the rules of manufacturing of products and putting the correct ingredients of products during packaging as well as disclosing full details of the costs of any project implemented within a community setting (Harrison, 2007. pp.371-384). For many corporations, the ethical component of corporate social responsibility appears to be more deterministic than it is a matter of choice, that is, the ethical conduct of corporates touches on decisions which the corporates must make on how to relate with their employees, clients and the general business environment. The nature of these decisions only allows for the executives to make them (Beets, 2004.pp.193-219). What this means is that the corporate executives make decisions in a unilateral manner, without factoring in the views, interests or concerns of all relevant stakeholders. When this happens, the corporate executives conduct themselves in a biased manner, where they prioritize profits at the ex pense of safety of people (both employees and the general population) and the environment, a concept referred to as utilitarianism. In corporate ethics, utilitarianism is about considering several courses of action, considering the costs involved and choosing the course of action which produces maximum good for the maximum number of people, irrespective of the negative effects of the maximisation of the good, in this case, profits (Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011). In some cases, this utilitarian cum capitalistic line of thinking is extended to the employees, by requiring them to abide by the utilitarian philosophy or quit, a concept referred to as deontology.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Managing for Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The deontological principles require employees to perform their duties as per the given instructions, leaving no room for them to give their opinion regarding the consequences of their actions as they perform their duties. According to the utilitarian corporate chiefs, if employees do otherwise, it not only amounts to unethical conduct but also to gross misconduct, which may warrant suspension without pay (Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011). The other perspective to corporate ethics is the decision making model, which begins with clarification of the issues on which ethical decisions are to be made. After doing the clarification, what follows is the evaluation of the clarified decisions, which paves the way for arriving at a precise decision on the most appropriate course of action. The decision is then implemented with modifications coming after the implementation (Marshall, 2007). This model is more or less similar to the normative approach (utilitarianism and deontology) to ethics in that during the implementation stage, the guiding principle is mainly the maximisation of profits and minimisation of the costs. This is done mainly with a view of ensuring that the corporations realize their objectives with the use of the minimum resources possible. The decision making model, same as the normative approach exclusively involves the corporate leaders with the employees playing insignificant or no role in the same. According to Lock the Gates Alliance, Many of the corporations which deal with CSG in NSW have been operating under the influence of the normative ethics, which comprises utilitarianism and deontological approaches to corporate ethics. For instance, the production of CSG generates a lot of water as a by-product. This water is very toxic both to the human and aquatic life.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After the extraction of the CSG in form of methane, most of these corporations just transport the water by road using tankers which are not properly sealed thus leading to spillage. Once this water lands on the ground, it not only interferes with the respiratory systems of people who are near, but it also leads to permanent destruction of soil fertility (Cleary, 2011.pp.115-120). It is not that the corporates do not have the capacity and capability to dispose the water in a proper manner but what is there is that the corporate chiefs channel the funds intended for such purposes back to the business as capital, which is used to purchase more equipment, pay for labour or compensation of the displaced landowners. This is purely a utilitarian way of operation, whose sole interest is the maximisation of profits. The Lock the Gate Alliance reports indicate that the employees of most of the corporations which deal with the exploration and exploitation of CSG in NSW are not a happy lot. Thi s is because the corporates sometimes force them to work for long hours without adequate safety equipment like gloves or masks, which puts their health at stake especially due to the inhaling of the toxic fumes of the CSG. These employees are not supposed to report safety concerns, say for example the linkage of the toxic water produced after the extraction of CSG. Those who dare reporting are threatened with termination of their contracts. This is what is referred to as deontological principle of corporate ethics, which oblige employees to focus on rules and directives in their job irrespective of the effects of the rules and regulations to themselves and to the environment (Cleary, 2011.pp.115-120). The economic component of CSR comprises taking care of the interests of the shareholders, investors and customers, profit making and maximization, the minimization of the costs in undertaking the business and the formulation and implementation of strategic policies which propel busines s forward (Clarkson, 1995). Most of the corporates which deal with CSG extraction in NSW do not take care of the interests of the stakeholders, especially rural communities and farmers. According to an article written by Bronwyn Herbert of the ABC news, there is a growing discontentment by the rural farmers with the manner in which the miners, especially those interested in CSG conduct themselves. These farmers, through the NSW farmers association are now calling for the government to enact a legislation to give them veto powers to land access (Herbert, 2011).The only thing which the corporates can be given credit for is the development of policies which propel their business forward in total disregard of the interests of the stakeholders. The legal component comprises the respect and compliance of the business to laws such as environmental laws, consumer laws, laws which protect the employees, as well as the respect of contractual and warrants agreements between a business and its clients or employees (Aras and Crowther, 2010). Most of the corporations which deal with CSG extraction in NSW are not in compliant with the rules and regulations of human and environmental safety. What they do is that they sometimes collude with some law enforcing agents and get away with their gross misconduct as far as adherence to environmental rules and regulations is concerned. Finally the philanthropic component entails basically giving back to the society by the business. Businesses may do this in a variety of ways like establishing or supporting programs which directly benefit the society like health, education, and cohesion programs as well as programs which boost harmonious living of people of diverse backgrounds (Blowfield, 2005. pp. 515–524). Most of the corporates dealing with extraction of CSG are rarely involved in any acts of philanthropy. They merely use the media to make the impression that they are seriously committed in giving back to the community, but t here has never been a proper audit of what tangible activities they have undertaken on purely philanthropic grounds. In fact, majority of them treat the compensation given to the land owners as philanthropic acts, arguing that the compensations are far beyond the actual amounts which they should give. This is hypocrisy of the highest order. How stakeholder dialogue activity might be a useful tool in pursuing CSR in the CSG industry in NSW In NSW, the CSG industry is a very crucial as well as a sensitive one to the various stakeholders. It is important to mention that these various stakeholders have different interest, views and perspectives regarding the generation of petroleum using CSG. On the part of the mining companies led by Eastern Star Gas, Santos, and Dart Energy among others, their priority is maximisation of profits irrespective of the side effects of their business to the people and the environment (Daniel, David and Chris, 2010, pp. 299-312). On the part of the governme nt, its priorities may be the protection of the citizens, but it’s equally interested in the generation of revenue from the CSG industry. The land owners and the communities in general have their priorities being the protection of their health, land security and compensation issues (Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, 2009). Due to these varied interests, the conceptualization of CSR is different among these stakeholders. This calls for a dialogue among all of them, so as for them to reach a compromise position. This dialogue generated CSR should be a product of give and take, in which the stakeholders must be willing to compromise some of their passionate priorities for the sake of those of the other stakeholders (Fraser and Barrett, 2010). For instance, the mining companies must be ready to fully abide by the NSW Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991, which requires that all mining companies must disclose the full details of the nature of the mining projects and their impacts on the environment. According to the Lock the Gate Alliance, some of the companies have been reported to be applying guerrilla tactics to win the confidence of land owners and local communities in acquisition of land for exploration and exploitation of CSG (Wildcat Publishing Inc, 2009). In the dialogue, the government on its part should push for full enforcement of rules which govern the exploration and exploitation of products like CSG. It should come up with new pieces of legislation to hold the companies fully responsible for the effects of CSG on the environment and their mitigation. The government should also engage researchers to evaluate the production of CSG and come up with recommendations on whether it is economical for the State of New South Wales or not (Martin, 1986). The local communities must be informed about the mining of CSG and how it affects them. They should seek information from experts regarding the compensation issues as well as how the pr ojects may impact on their lives in terms of pollution, displacement and exposure to chronic illnesses (Standard and Poors Corporation, 1988). All these propositions can however best happen in a dialogue setting, in which all stakeholders would air their passionate concerns, which should then be analysed and harmonised to inform the corporate social responsibility for the CSG producing companies. Results from the dialogue would ensure that all the stakeholders reach a consensus on the way forward (Durie, Williams and Mcmullan, 2001). The results would also ensure that the CSR agreement arrived at is a sustainable one because it would be a result of a wide consultation of all relevant stakeholders, as opposed to the current situation, whereby CSR is defined from the perspective of the companies which produce CSG, with little or no adherence to the rules and regulations governing the health of people and environmental safety (Standard and Poors Corporation, 1988). Reference List Aras, G Crowther, D. (2010). A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility corporate social responsibility series. Farnham GU9 7PT: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association.(2009).The APPEA journal, Volume 40, Issue 1. California: Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association. Beets, S.D.(2004). Critical Events in the Ethics of U.S. Corporation History.Journal of Business Ethics Volume 102, Number 2, pp.193-219. Blowfield, M. (2005). Corporate Social Responsibility: reinventing the meaning of development?. International Affairs. Volume 81, Issue 3, pp. 515–524, May 2005. Britannica Educational Publishing. (2011).Thinkers and Theories in Ethics. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group. Clarkson. M.B.E. (1995). A stakeholder frame work for analysing and evaluating corporate social responsibility. The Academy of Management Review Vol. 20, No. 1, Jan., 1995. Cleary, P. (2011).Too Much Luck: The Mining Boom and Au stralias Future. Chicago, IL: Black Inc.pp.115-120. Daniel M.F., David, B., and Chris , M.J.(2010). Managing the cumulative impacts of coal mining on regional communities and environments in Australia. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal,Volume 28, Number 4, December 2010 , pp. 299-312. Durie, R.A., Williams, D.J., and Mcmullan, P.A.(2001).Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies. Collingwood VIC 3066: Csiro Publishing. Fraser, A., and Barrett, B.(2010). ‘LNG wells threaten Murray’. Available from  https://www.aph.gov.au/ Harrison, E. (2007). Estate Planning under the Bush tax cuts. National Tax Journal, 60(3), pp.371-384. Herbert, B. (Monday, September 12, 2011). NSW farmers call for power to veto coal seam gas explorers. PM ABC News. Martin, H.(1986).Australasian coal mining practice Issue 12 of Monograph series Australasian coal mining practice. Golden, CO: Australasian Institut e of Mining and Metallurgy. Marshall, J. (2007). An Ethical Decision-Making Model. The Ethics Scoreboard, ProEthics, Ltd. McWilliams, A., Siegel, D.S., and Wright, P.M.(2006). Corporate Social Responsibility. Strategic Implications Journal of Management Studies Volume 43, Issue 1, pp. 1–18, January 2006. Standard and Poors Corporation.(1988).Standard and Poors register of corporations, directors and executives, Volume 1, Part 1. Jamestown, ND: Standard Poors Corp. Wildcat Publishing Inc.(2009).The Oil Gas Year Australia 2009. Beverly Hills, CA: wildcat publishing.

Christmas Tree or Floral Preservative Recipe

Christmas Tree or Floral Preservative Recipe Christmas tree preservatives (aka Christmas tree food) and cut flower preservatives contain the same ingredients: a food source for the plant, an acidifier (making hard water more acidic which helps the plant take in water and food), and a disinfectant to prevent mold, fungi, and algae from growing. This is an easy process that takes mere minutes. Christmas Tree Preservative Ingredients 1 gallon water2 cups light corn syrup4 teaspoons chlorine bleach4 teaspoons lemon juice or vinegar (optional) How To Make Christmas Tree Food Mix the ingredients together and keep the solution in the base for the Christmas tree or vase for cut flowers. Both trees and flowers will last longer in cooler areas away from direct sunlight.Make sure the tree or flower always has water. Regularly refill the vase or the base where the tree sits. In addition, you may wish to spritz the tree or flowers periodically with water from a spray bottle.You can store the solution for four to five  days at room temperature in a closed container, or two weeks refrigerated. Tips Do not drink! If you plan on making enough tree or cut flower preservative to store, label your container and keep it out of reach of children and pets.Bleach and vinegar produce toxic vapors when mixed. If you add vinegar or lemon juice, add it to the water rather than mix it directly with the bleach. Its okay to use bleach without the lemon juice or vinegar if this worries you.If you dont have corn syrup, you can substitute 4 teaspoons of sugar, dissolved in the water. Some people add a penny to a sugar solution so that the copper can act as a fungicide and acidifier.Another common option is to substitute a can of acidic soft drink, like Sprite or 7-Up, instead of the corn syrup and lemon juice. Just add a can of (non-diet) soft drink to a gallon of water, with a splash of bleach.For flowers, youll probably want to cut the recipe to 1 quart water, 1/2 c. corn syrup, 1 tsp. bleach, 1 tsp. lemon juice.